Soylu ve zengin bir İrlandalı aileden gelen arkeolog ve ressam Edward Dodwell (1767-1832), (okunuş: Eduard Doduel) Dublin'de doğdu ve Cambridge'deki Trinity College'de edebiyat ve arkeoloji öğrenimi gördü. Büyük servetinin sağladığı ekonomik rahatlık sayesinde meslek edinme gereksiniminden uzak kalarak kendini tümüyle Akdeniz uygarlıklarına ilişkin araştırmalara verir.

1801 yılında Atkins ve tanınmış gezgin W. Gell ile birlikte İyon adaları (Korfu, Zante v.s) ve Truva yöresini gezer. 1805-06'da ise yol arkadaşı ressam Simone Pomardi ile birlikte Orta Yunanistan'ı gezer. Daha sonra Napoli ve Roma'ya yerleşip kendisinden otuz yaş genç bir kadınla evlenir. Birçok Avrupa kültür vakfının onursal üyesiydi. İtalya dağlarında keşif gezileri yaparken hastalanarak öldü. Oluşturmuş olduğu büyük arkeolojik koleksiyonu (sikkeler, 115 adet bakır eşya, 143 tane amfora) bir süre Roma'daki evinde barındırıldıktan sonra Münih Heykel Müzesine satıldı.

Üretken bir yazar ve aynı zamanda görsel sanatçı olan Dodwell, çağı için eşsiz olan eserlerinde arkeolog olarak sahip olduğu merak duygusu, eleştirel bakış ve sanatkâr duyarlığından oluşan çok yanlı yeteneğini ortaya koymakta. Eserinde ilk kez olarak bir "yer"in gerçek anlamda keşfine tanık oluyoruz: Yürüyüş olgusu, bir yandan görünümü keşfetme ve tanıma (okuma) biçimi haline gelirken, öte yandan anıtlar, tarih, çağdaş insanlar ve belgelere dayanan bilgiler hep bir arada bu olguya katılmaktadır.

Bu iki ciltlik yayında anlatılan ve arkeoloji ile topoğrafya malzemesi açısından zengin veriler sunan yolculuk, Yunanlıların isyandan önceki devirdeki (1821 öncesi) kamu ve özel yaşamlarıyla ilgili çok değerli bir bilgi hazinesi oluşturuyor. Dodwell 1801 yılının Nisan ayı sonlarında İtalya'da tanımış olduğu Santorini adasından gelen zeki ve okumuş bir Yunanlıyı yanına tercüman olarak alarak Venedik'ten yola çıkar. Adriyatik denizini geçip bir ay içinde yol arkadaşlarıyla birlikte Rus-Osmanlı işgali altındaki Korfu'ya varır. Yolculukları Paksos adaları, Parga, Lefkada (Santa Mavra)'ya doğru devam eder. Dodwell eski harabeler, ürünler, köyler ve efsaneye göre antik yunan şairi Saffo'nun Faon'a karşı olan umutsuz aşkından dolayı denize düşüp öldüğü Lefkata burnu hakkında yazar. Buradan Preveze'ye gidip Nikopolis'teki arkeolojik siti gezer, İthaka adasına devam edip buradaki coğrafya ve ekonomik durum hakkında ve antik harabeler arayışı hakkında yazar. Son olarak Kefalonya'ya gelerek Yunanistan'a William Gell ile birlikte yaptığı ilk yolculuğu tamamlar.

Dodwell 1805 yılında ressam Simone Pomardi ile birlikte Sicilya'nın Messina şehrinden yola çıkarak Zakinthos'a (Zante) varır, buradaki köyler, nüfus, ürünler hakkında yazar; daha sonra Mesolongi'ye geçer. Tepedelenli Ali Paşa'nın yerel halka yaptığı zulümler, yöreye özgü ürünler, Akheloos nehri ve Echinades takımadaları hakkında yazar.

Yolculuğun devamında Patra'ya ulaşıp konsolos Nikolaos Stranis'in misafiri olur. Stranis'in konağı yıllarca birçok Avrupalı konuğun buluşma yeri olmuştu. Dodwell'in Patra gezisi buralarıyla ilgili teorik bilgilerini doğrular. Çağdaş Patra'dan sözederken kolay anlaşılır bir şekilde şehrin hem mimari düzeni ("Yunanlıların evleri kireçle Türklerin evleri ise kırmızı ile boyanmış" olduğunu bile belirterek), hem ekonomik durumu hakkında (yöreden ihraç edilen ürünler dahil) yazar. Patra'da kaleyi, meşhur koca gövdeli selvi ağacını, Aziz Andrea kilisesi ve ayazmasını (kutsanmış su kaynağı/çeşmesi) ziyaret eder. Bununla ilgili yazısına yolculuk arkadaşı Pomardi'nin çizmiş olduğu ve kutsal kaynağı görüntüleyen deseni de ekler. Patra'da oldukça çok siyah kölenin bulunmasını kaydeden Dodwell ayrıca birtakım arkeolojik eseri edinmek için de çabalarda bulunur. Patra hakkında yazarken özellikle şehrin tarihî belleğini canlandırıyor. Dodwell güzergâhında Yunanistan'ın çağdaş gerçekliğini sergilerken yararlandığı eski kaynaklar ve daha önceki gezi tanıklıkları yanısıra kendi bilgilerini de bilimsel bir şekilde belgelendirir.

Dodwell Peloponez'deki bir salgın yüzünden Atina'ya başka yoldan gitmeyi yeğleyip Nafpaktos (İnebahtı), Galaksidi (burada karnaval gösterilerini izler) ve Amfisa'dan geçerek (burada Kefalonyalı bir doktorun evinde konuk olur ve voyvodayı ziyaret eder), Parnasos dağına çıkar, Hriso köyünde durak yapar ve Kastri'de konaklayıp Kastalya çeşmesini ve Delfi'de görülebilen pek az antik harabeyi gezer. Yolu Arahova ve Distomo köylerinden geçip onu Livadia'daki Trophonius kâhinleri antik sitine götürür, oradan da öteki Viotia (Boeotia) köylerine (Orchomenos, Aliartos, Thespiae) devam eder. Eleutherae yolundan ve Eleusis ovasından geçerek 26 Mart günü, lord Elgin'in çalışma ekipleri Akropolis'in kabartma (rölyef) mermerlerini söktüğü sıralarda Atina'ya ulaşır.

Dodwell burada Eylül ayına kadar kalıp Attika'nın hemen hemen tümünü (Pendeli dağı, Fili, Acharnai, Kifisia, Vrauron, Porto Rafti, Thorikos, Lavrion, Sunion, Pire) ve Egina ile Salamis adalarını gezer. Arkeolojik konuların yanısıra Yunanlıların halk dansları, müziği ve oyunları hakkında, hamamlar hatta böcek ve kuşlar hakkında bile yazar.

Atina'dan sonra Thiva (Thebai)'dan, Kopais gölü, Thermopylae ve Lamia'dan, Stylis ve Almyros'tan geçerek Volos ve Pelion'a gelir; yazısında yol boyunca karşıladığı tüm antik kent harabelerinden söz eder. Bundan sonra Larissa ve Ambelakia'ya gelip buradaki yüksek yaşam düzeyi, kültürlü insanlar ve pamuk iplik boyama endüstrisinden son derece etkilenir. Tesalya ovası, Lilaia, Amfikleia, Fokida, Viotia (Boeotia) içinden geçerek ve Chalkida ile Maraton'a uğradıktan sonra yeniden Atina'ya döner.

Bütün yaz boyunca Atina'da kalır. 1805'in Aralık ayında onu Argos-Korint yöresini gezerken buluruz: Dafni manastırı, Eleusis ve dinî gizemleri, Megara, Korint kıstağı, Korint kalesi, Kechries, Nemea ve bağları, Argos'ta akropolis ve antik tiyatro, Mikene ve Atreus'un hazinesi, Tiryns ve Nauplion, Epidaurus ve Asklepios tapınağının kalıntıları, Troizina, Methana, Poros gezip yazdığı yerlerdir. Daha sonra Aegion yolu üzerinde Sikyon, Xylokastron'dan geçip yörenin hanlarında durur ve Patra'dan sonra Achaia ve İleia'nın bütün köylerini tarif ederek 24 Ocak 1806 tarihinde Olympia'ya varır.

Gezinin devamında Messini, Megalopolis ve Vassai'deki harabeleri ziyaret ettikten sonra Şubat sonlarında Sparta'ya gelir. Tekrar Arkadiya ve Achaia'yı geçerek (Tegea, Tripoliçe, Mantineia, Orchomenos, Stymphalia, Feneos, Kalavrita, Mega Spilaion'a uğrayarak) Patra'ya ulaşır ve ilkbaharda İyon adalarından geçerek nihayet 18 Eylül 1806'da Roma'ya varır.

Yaklaşık olarak 400 tane yer ve anıt görüntüsü çizmiş olan Dodwell (son zamanlarda bugüne dek varlığı bilinmeyen onlarca yeni deseni gün ışığına çıkmış) gezdiği arkeolojik kalıntıları camera obscura tekniğini kullanıp belgeledikten sonra bunlara gravürleri de ekleyerek sanatla bilimsel bakışı birleştirmek amacını gütmekteydi. Eserinin yayınlanmış olan dört cildi Dodwell'den sonra Yunanistan yörelerini gezen bütün gezginler için temel bir el kitabı olup bugün hala arkeolojik araştırmalar için son derece yararlı bir kaynak sayılmaktadır.

Eser 1834 yılında Dodwell'in ölümünden 2 yıl sonra yayınlanmıştı. Yayıncılar kitabı oluşturacak malzemeyi ve yayınla ilgili ayrıntılı talimatları bizzat Dodwell'den almıştı. Taş baskı olan ve Dodwell'in kendi çizimlerine dayanan tablolar Yunanistan ve İtalya'dan görkemli kalıntı görüntüleri sergilemektedir. Bunlar arasında özellikle duvar yapımı biçimleri, akropoller (kent tepeleri yada uç noktaları), tahkimat avluları, ve kubbeli mezarlar yer almaktadır. Yunanistan'daki anıtları gösteren gravürler betimleyici ve açıklayıcı metinler eşliğindedir; ne var ki aynı şey İtalya'daki anıtlar için geçerli değil, bunun nedeni Dodwell'in bunlara ilişkin açıklamaları yazmaya yetişememiş olmasıydı. Yayıncılar ise bu boşluğu dolduramamışlar. Tabloların taş üzerine nakşı devrin tanınan gravürcüsü C. Hullmandel tarafından yapılmıştı. 19. yüzyıl başlarında binlerce gravür yaratmış olan C. Hullmandel, gravürün nakşedilmesinde yeni bir ışık-gölge yöntemi geliştirmiş ve gravür tekniği hakkında çok yararlı bir el kitabı yazmıştı.

Mimarî kalıntıların bazısında adlandırma ve özdeşleştirme yanlışları olmasına rağmen Dodwell'in eseri hem konusu hem az tanınan arkeolojik yerler görüntülemesi açısından öncü niteliğini korumaktadır. Yazarın amacı bu kitabın 1819 yılında yayınlanan iki ciltlik «Classical and Topographical Tour in Greece» adlı eserine ek olmasıydı.

Yazan: İoli Vingopoulou

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  Gorge at Vouraikos river.

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  Village of Piada (modern-day Nea Epidavros). The Byzantine castle in the background.

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  Τhe Alpheios near Phrixa.

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  Passage of the Alpheios near Phrixa.

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  Relief from the mouth of a well (puteale), from Ancient Corinth.

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  Relief from the mouth of a well (puteale), from Ancient Corinth, depicting Artemis and Apollo.

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  Relief from the mouth of a well (puteale), from Ancient Corinth, depicting Athena and Heracles.

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  The sacred spring at the Oracle of Demetra in Patras. After Christianity, the spring became the holy well of Hagios Andreas Church.

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  The relief from the Lions' Gate in the Acropolis of Mycenae.

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  Corinth.

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  Protocorinthian vase from Ancient Corinth.

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  Stopper of Protocorinthian vase from ancient Corinth.

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  Ancient relief from well in ancient Corinth.

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  Ancient relief from well in ancient Corinth.

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  Ancient relief from well in ancient Corinth.

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  Protocorinthian vase from Mertese near ancient Corinth.

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  Decorative elements from the Treasury of Atreus.

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  Base of column from Mycenae.

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  Ruins of Troezen.

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  Mount Ortholithi in Methana.

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  View of the ancient theatre of Megalopolis.

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  The Alpheios near Karitena.

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  Source of the Ladon.

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  Decorative elements from the Treasury of Atreus.

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  Architectural features from the sanctuary of Asclepius in Epidaurus.

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  Roman sarcophagus from Epidaurus (1,2). Feature of pediment from the sanctuary of Asclepius (3).

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  Coins from Methana. Head of Hephaestus on the obverse.

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  Ancient helmets of Corinthian style from Olympia. Etched ornament of one of the helmets.

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  Ruins at Lycosura.

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  The Gate of the Lions at Mycenae.

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  Plain of Ancient Olympia.

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  The temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae. On the left, the Turkish and the Tatar attendants of Edward Dodwell.

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  Lake Stymphalia, Corinthia.

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  The Monastery of Mega Spilaion in Achaia.

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  Remains of an ancient city, situated within fortification wall, Methana.

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  Ruins of Methana in Argolis.

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  Posterior view of the Arcadian Gate at the walls of ancient Messene.

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  The Arcadian Gate at the walls of ancient Messene.

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  Landscape near the gulf of Messenia.

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  Remains of the ancient Arcadian city Cleitor, today part of Achaia district.

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  Landscape at Orchomenos, Arcadia.

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  Gate at the Acropolis of Gortyna, Arcadia.

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  Ruins at Gortyna, Arcadia.

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  View of the plain of Argos.

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  View of the plain of Argos.

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  Entrance to shaft grave, Mycenae.

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  Interior of the Tholos tomb of Mycenae (Treasury of Atreus).

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  The entrance to the Tholos tomb of Mycenae (Treasury of Atreus).

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  The northern (postern) gate of the Acropolis of Mycenae.

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  Posterior view of the Lions relief over the entrance to the Acropolis of Mycenae (Lion Gate).

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  The Lion Gate at Mycenae.

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  View of the acropolis of Mycenae.

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  Gate at the Mycenean acropolis of Tiryns.

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  Walls of Tiryns.

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  The plain of Argos seen from the ruins of Tiryns. In the background, Nafplio and Bourtzi fortresses.

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  General view of Tiryns and the plain of Argos.

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  Ancient remains at Lycosoura.

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  Bridge at Larissa.

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  Abraxas, or Basilidian stone, having on one side an intaglio of a man with an ass's head, in the act of stabbing himself with a sword.

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  Drainage Canal of pre-historic times at Lake Copais.

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  Lamina found in a sepulchre at the Piraeus. It belonged to Deinias, magistrate of the fifth tribunal, and of the demos Alai Aixonides.

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  Terra cotta figure, with moveable legs and arms, which were put in motion by means of a string. This figure was found at a funerary monument in Piraeus.

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  Lamp that represents a negro with the flat Aethiopian features, sleeping, and the skin of an animal tied around his shoulders.

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  Architectural features from the sanctuary of Demeter in Eleusis.

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  Fragment of an ancient relief.

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  Fragments of the metopes of the Temple of Hephaestus in Athens.

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  Fragments of the metopes of the Temple of Hephaestus in Athens.

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  Fragments of the Parthenon frieze.

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  Title page. Ancient relief, most possibly from the mouth of a well (puteale), depicting Heracles, Athena, Apollo and Artemis.

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  Inscriptions on cones (weaving weights) of terra cotta.

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  View of the city of Zakynthos.

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  View of Amfissa (Salona).

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  Silver coins from Delphi, today at the British Museum.

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  Mosque near Livadeia.

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  Funerary monument at Orchomenus, known as Treasury of Minyas.

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  Solar clock in the katholikon of Skripou Monastery.

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  Ancient coins of Orchomenus.

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  The ruins of Thespiae. In the background Mount Helicon.

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  The choregic monument of Lysicrates, which served for some time as library of the Capuchin Order.

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  Interior view of the Choregic monument of Thrasyllus (Panagia Spiliotissa) in Athens.

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  Frusta of the Propylaea columns.

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  Erechteion.

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  The Caryatid Porch of the Erechtheion, Athens.

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  Metope from the Temple of Hephaestus (Theseion).

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  Metope from the Temple of Hephaestus (Theseion).

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  Ruins, probably of the Stoa of Attalos.

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  Stele with inscription: "ΚΛΑΥΔΙΑ ΠΡΕΠΟΥΣΑ ΕΥΧΑΡΙΣΤΩ ΥΨΙΣΤΩ".

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  Tablet dedicated by a person who was cured from some malady in the eyes.

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  Stele with inscription: "ΤΕΡΤΙΑ ΥΨΙΣΤΩ ΕΥΧΗΝ".

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  Inscription in Greek and Phoenician from Athens.

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  Ancient statue.

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  View of the port of Faliro, Attica.

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  Bronze lamina which shews that the sepulchre contained the remains of an Athenian judge, named Diodoros, of the tribunal Phreattys, and of the Demos Phrearroi, which was in the tribe Leontis.

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  Ancient sword found at the tomb of a warrior.

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  Grave goods from tombs in Piraeus.

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  Alabastron from tomb in Piraeus.

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  Funerary monument in the shape of a hydria, depicting funerary ceremony. This monument was found at the Roman Agora of Athens.

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  Funerary monument in the shape of a hydria, depicting funerary ceremony. This monument was found at Kerameikos cemetery in Athens.

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  Terra cotta figure, with moveable legs and arms, which were put in motion by means of a string. This figure was found at a funerary monument in Piraeus.

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  Vase, found in the Acropolis of Athens.

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  Votive stele found near Ilissus river.

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  Quarries on Mount Pentelikon.

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  Rough designs of temples, in the style of those painted on the walls of Herculaneum and Pompeii.

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  Colossal lion at the north-eastern foot of Hymettos.

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  Statue of Demeter on an islet outside Porto Rafti.

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  Section of capital from Thorikos near Lavrio.

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  The ancient theater of Thorikos, near Lavrio.

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  The Vari Cave, known also as Nympholiptos Cave.

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  The port of Aegina and the columns of the Temple of Apollo.

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  Coin from Aenianes.

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  Mounts Olympus and Kissavos and the vale of Tempe.

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  Vale of Tempe.

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  Mount Olympus. Vale of Tempe.

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  Pharsala.

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  Thebes.

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  The Euripos and Chalcis in Euboea.

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  The Mound of Marathon.

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  Small arrow heads of black flint, which probably belonged to the Persian army.

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  Plain of Marathon.

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  Specimens of ancient walls in Greece.

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  Curse tablet made of lead.

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  The bridge connecting the Old Castle (Palaiokastro) of Corfu to the city.

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  Hadrian's Arch and the Temple of Olympian Zeus in Athens.

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  Tragic mask of terra cotta (found at tomb), with the mouth wide open, representing the πρόσωπο, or persona, of the ancients.

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  Cinerary vase of bronze with an elegantly-ornamented rim round its mouth.

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  Marble vase with the inscription: ΤΙΜΟΦΩΝ ΤΙΜΟΣΤΡΑΤΟΥ ΑΝΑΓΥΡΑΣΙΟΣ.

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  Title page.

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  Tithoroea, Mount Parnassos.

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  Mount Parnassos, plain of Chaeronea.

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  Several forms of letters of the Greek alphabet, from ancient inscriptions.

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  Transcription of inscription on ancient curse tablet.

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  Title page.

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  Map of Greece.

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  Coins of Phocis, today at the Louvre.

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  The battle field of Chaeronea (338 BCE).

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  The Acropolis of Orchomenus and the funerary monument know as Treasury of Minyas.

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  View of the funerary stele of Alxenor or Stele of Orchomenos.

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  Ancient coins of Thebes and Delium.

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  Antifix of the Parthenon.

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  Interior view of the Parthenon.

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  View of the Acropolis of Athens from the foot of Areopagus.

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  Funerary stele of Theophile.

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  Funerary stele of Philocrates.

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  Tomb in Piraeus.

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  Funerary stele from Athens.

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  The view from Fyli fortress on Mount Parnitha.

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  Title page. Allegory of Greece under Ottoman rule.

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  Panoramic view of Ithaca with the port and town of Vathy.

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  Dinner at Crisso, in the house of the bishop of Salona.

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  The Kastalian spring, Delphi.

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  Parnassus mountain.

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  The site of the acropolis of Orchomenos in Boeotia, on Cephisus river, from the south. Arvanite women occupied in agricultural tasks.

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  The Catabothra (underground water cave) of Lake Copais, Boeotia.

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  View of the Parthenon from the Propylaea. Seated on the ground is Disdar Aga,the governor of the fortress of Acropolis. He has just been surprised by another member of the guard as he was sipping a glass of wine which he took from the travellers.

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  The west front of the Parthenon and the Erechtheion, from the Propylaea.

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  The Erechtheion from the southwest. In the distance, on the left, a group of Turkish musician who customarily performed on the Acropolis every day at three o'clock in the afternoon.

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  Gathering of devout Muslims at the Tower of the Winds in Athens, which was used as a tekije (dervish lodge). Sixteen ostrich eggs hang from the ceiling to avert the evil eye. A depiction of the first stage of the whirling dervishes' ritual: the faithful praise God and Prophet Muhammad.

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  The dance of the dervishes at the Tower of the Winds in Athens, which was used as a tekije (dervish lodge). Sixteen ostrich eggs hang from the ceiling to avert the evil eye. A depiction of the final stage of the whirling dervishes' ritual: The two main dancers whirl while holding each other by the sash. In green, wearing a white turban, the Sheich or head of the Dervishes, who animates the dancers with his voice and by playing the tambour.

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  The bazaar of Athens. On the forefront, on the right, an emancipated African slave. On the doorway, the owner of the coffeehouse who is brigning a tray with coffee to the Ottoman governor Disdar Aga. Disdar Aga is sitting on the stairs, dressed in red, and next to him sits another Turkish aga. Standing at the entrance of the coffeehouse, the Greek voivode (governor) of Salamis island, who is conversing a Greek Baratario (protegé of a foreign power). At the centre of the picture, three Turkish women covered with long white veils. According to Edward Dodwell's description, the rest of the women depicted are Arvanite. Standing, on the right, a devout Muslim in green costume, an indication that he has made the pigrimage to Mecca.

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  The Gate of Mesogeia or Gate of Boubounistra, which was situated at the present-day junction of Amalias avenue with Othonos street. In the background, the fountain of Boubounistra.

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  View of the temple of Olympian Zeus and Ilissus river.

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  Athens from the feet of Lycabettus Hill.

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  South-east view of the temple of Poseidon at Sounion.

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  The temple of Aphaia on Aegina island. The peasants who supplied the travellers with provisions during the latter's stay at the site.

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  The interior of the temple of Aphaia at Aegina.

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  The Monastery of Panagia Faneromeni on Salamis island.

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  The pass of Thermopylae. The mounted figures at the centre are the armed escorts of Edward Dodwell, whose mission was to protect the travelling party from the bandits who were prowling the pass of Thermopylae.

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  Village of Portaria on Mount Pelion.

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  The Hyperian fountain at Pherae (today Velestino), Thessaly.

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  View of the plain of Larissa from settlement close to the city. Snapshot of everyday life at the village.

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  View of Mount Olympus between Larissa and Baba village.

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  Sepulchre of Hassan Baba, at the entrance of the Vale of Tempe.

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  View of the walls of the acropolis of Ferentino, Italy.

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  The walls of the acropolis of Alatri, Italy.

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  View of Porta Maggiore at Ferentino, Italy.

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  View of Porta Sanguinaria at Ferentino, Italy.

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  Gate at the fortrifications of the acropolis of Ferentino, Italy.

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  View of the ancient walls of the acropolis of Ferentino, Italy, with the Episcopal Palace.

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  Gate at the fortifications of the acropolis of Alatri, Italy.

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  Posterior view of the main entrance to the acropolis of Alatri, Italy.

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  Main entrance to the acropolis of Alatri, Italy.

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  Entrance to a gallery at the fortification wall of the acropolis of Alatri, Italy.

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  View of the ancient walls of Cori, Italy.

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  View of the ancient walls of Cori, Italy.

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  View of the ancient walls of Cori, Italy.

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  View of the ancient walls and of the remains of the Dioscuri temple at Cori, Italy.

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  Ancient wall at Segni, Italy.

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  View of the medieval church of Saint Peter at Segni, Italy. The church was built on the site of an ancient temple, probably dedicated to Hera.

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  Gate at the fortifications of the acropolis of Segni, Italy.

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  Entrance to a gallery at the acropolis of Segni, Italy.

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  Posterior view of Saracena Gate at the acropolis of Segni, Italy.

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  Saracena Gate at the acropolis of Segni, Italy.

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  The remains of the acropolis of Segni, Italy.

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  Rmeains of walls at Norba, Italy.

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  Bastion at the fortifications of Norba, Italy.

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  Bastion at the fortifications of Norba, Italy.

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  Entrance to a gallery at the ancient city Norba, Italy.

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  The main entrance to the city of Norba, Italy. In the background, the modern town.

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  The main entrance to the city of Norba, Italy.

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  Ancient gate at the fortifications of Norba, Italy.

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  Ancient gate at the fortifications of Norba, Italy.

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  Panoramic view of the remains of Norba, Italy.

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  Ancient remains, probably of the Stoa of Attalos, Athens.

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  West front of the Propylaea at Athens.

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  Ruins of Iolchos in Thessaly.

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  Remains of walls at the site of the ancient city Alos, Thessaly.

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  Gate at the wall of Pharsala acropolis.

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  View of Pharsala with the city castle (ancient acropolis).

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  The remains of the acropolis of Echinos, at the modern site of Echinos, Thessaly.

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  Anciet ruins at the plain of Heraclea in Trachis, Phthiotis.

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  Ancient remains, probably of an ancient tower, Piraeus.

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  View of Pnyx hill, Athens.

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  The fortress of Fyli at the feet of Mount Parnitha.

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  The fortress of Fyli at the feet of Mount Parnitha.

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  Gates and towers ar the fortification walls of Eleutherae fortress, also known as Gyftokastro.

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  View of Eleutherae fortress, also known as Gyftokastro.

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  Ancient wall at Plataeae.

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  Ruins at Plataia in Boeotia.

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  Ruins at Thisbe, Boeotia.

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  Ancient remains at Aliartos.

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  Ancient wall at the Acropolis of Chaeronea (Acropolis of Panopeus).

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  A gate at the fortifications of ancient Dauleia.

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  View of the acropolis of Dauleia.

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  One of the two towers at the fortifications of Tithorea.

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  The ancient wall of Tithorea, Phocis.

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  Remains of an ancient wall and building at Doris, ancient region situated at the north of modern Phocis district.

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  Remains of a wall near the temple of Athena Cranaea at Elateia, Phthiotis.

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  Ruins in Lilaia.

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  Ruins in Lilaia in Phocis.

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  Funerary monument at Delphi. The Crissaean field in the background.

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  Funerary monument at Delphi.

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  Landscape at Delphi.

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  Ancient wall at Delphi.

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  View of the castle of Amfissa, which was built on the site of the city's ancient arcropolis.

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  View of Amfissa with the castle.

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  Remains of the gate of ancient Myonia, built on the site of modern Agia Efthimia, Phocis.

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  Part of ancient wall at Galaxidi.

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  Ancient theatre at Nea Plevrona (Kyra Rini castle).

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  Panoramic view of the pointed gates, which were most probably parts of a gallery, at the fortifications of Nea Plevrona, also known as Kyra Rini castle.

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  Pointed gates, most probably parts of a gallery, at the fortifications of Nea Plevrona, also known as Kyra Rini castle.

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  Gate, most probably part of a gallery, at the fortifications of Nea Plevrona, also known as Kyra Rini castle.

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  Ruins of the fortifications of Nea Plevrona, also known as Kyra Rini castle.

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  Ruins of the fortifications of Nea Plevrona, also known as Kyra Rini castle.

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  Ruins of the fortifications of Nea Plevrona, known as Kyra Rini castle.

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  Remains of a Doric column, Thorikos.

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  Ancient theatre of Thorikos.

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  Little pointed gate at Thoriκos.

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  Remains of Μycenean tower at Thorikos, Attica.

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  Plain of Thorikos, Attica.

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  Ancient wall at the Acropolis of Panopeus (Acropolis of Chaeronea).

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  The Acropolis of Panopeus (Acropolis of Chaeronea) and the plain of Chaeronea.

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  Walls and tower in the Acropolis of Orchomenos.

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  Gate of the Acropolis of Orchomenos.

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  Funerary monument at Orchomenos, known as tomb of Minyas.

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  Title page.

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  Modern gate erected on the ancient and medieval wall at Terracina, Italy.

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  View of the walls of Terracina in Italy

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  View of the walls of Terracina in Italy

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  Ancient wall at the settlement of San Felice Circeo, Italy.

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  Mount Circeo, Italy.

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  Cave at Mount Circeo, Italy.

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  The remains of the temple of Zeus in Terracina, Italy.

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  Remains of Roman bridge at Terracina, Italy.

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  The Shrine of Nymph Feronia, three miles north of Terracina in Italy.

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  Remains of an ancient wall in Palestrina, Italy.

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  Remains of ancient walls in Palestrina, Italy.

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  Remains of ancient walls in Palestrina, Italy.

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  Remains of ancient walls in Palestrina, Italy.

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  View of Sezze, Italy.

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  Remains of ancient wall in Sezze, Italy.

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  Remains of ancient wall in Sezze, Italy.

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  Remains of ancient wall in Sezze, Italy.

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  Remains of ancient wall in Sezze, Italy.

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  Remains of ancient temple in Sezze, Italy.

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  Ancient wall near Frascati, Italy.

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  Ruins of ancient wall near Tivoli, Italy.

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  Ruins of ancient wall near Tivoli, Italy.

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  Remains of ancient wall around the putative Villa of Cassius at Tivoli, Italy.

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  Ruins of ancient wall near Tivoli, Italy.

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  Ruins of ancient wall near Tivoli, Italy.

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  Remains of ancient funerary monument near Cortona, Italy.